Mitochondria | Structure, Process, Function, Regulations | Microbiology in Marathi

 Mitochondria are film bound organelles tracked down in eukaryotic cells, assuming a urgent part in energy creation, cell digestion, and flagging.

1. Mitochondria Structure :-

Mitochondria are mind boggling organelles with an interesting design, comprising of a few layers and compartments.

External Mitochondrial Layer (OMM)

1. Phospholipid bilayer
2. Porin channels (permitting atoms < 5 kDa to pass)
3. Receptors for chemicals and flagging atoms
4. Association with endoplasmic reticulum (emergency room)

Intermembrane Space (IMS)

1. Limited area (10-20 nm) among OMM and IMM
2. Contains particles, metabolites, and flagging atoms
3. Site of mitochondrial elements and division

Internal Mitochondrial Layer (IMM)

1. Profoundly collapsed into cristae, expanding surface region
2. Impermeable to particles and metabolites
3. Site of electron transport chain and ATP amalgamation
4. Contains mitochondrial proteins and catalysts

Mitochondrial Cristae

1. Infoldings of IMM, expanding surface region
2. Contain electron transport chain edifices
3. Associated with mitochondrial elements and division

Mitochondrial Framework

1. Deepest compartment, encompassing cristae
2. Contains:
    - Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
    - Ribosomes (mitoribosomes)
    - Catalysts for Krebs cycle, unsaturated fat oxidation, and amino corrosive digestion
    - Mitochondrial proteins and chaperones

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

1. Round, twofold abandoned DNA (16.5 kb in people)
2. Encodes 37 qualities:
    - 22 tRNAs
    - 2 rRNAs
    - 13 proteins (electron transport chain and ATP blend)
3. Maternally acquired

Mitochondrial Ribosomes (Mitoribosomes)

1. Particular ribosomes for mitochondrial protein blend
2. Contrast from cytosolic ribosomes in size and organization
3. Interpret mtDNA-encoded mRNAs

Other Mitochondrial Designs

1. Mitochondrial granules: Calcium and phosphate stockpiling destinations
2. Mitochondrial related layers (MAMs): Associations with trama center and different organelles
3. Mitochondrial fibers: Engaged with mitochondrial elements and division


2. Mitochondria Function :-

Mitochondria are the forces to be reckoned with of eukaryotic cells, answerable for creating the greater part of the cell's energy through cell breath.

Essential Capabilities:

1. Energy Creation (ATP combination) : Mitochondria convert glucose into ATP through cell breath.

2. Cell Digestion : Mitochondria manage metabolic pathways, like unsaturated fat oxidation, amino corrosive digestion, and gluconeogenesis.

3. Flagging and Correspondence: Mitochondria take part in cell flagging pathways, affecting cell development, separation, and passing.

4. Apoptosis Guideline: Mitochondria assume a basic part in modified cell passing (apoptosis).

5. Redox Guideline : Mitochondria keep up with the cell's redox balance by directing receptive oxygen species (ROS).

Cell Breath:

1. Glycolysis : Glucose is changed over into pyruvate in the cytosol.

2. Pyruvate Oxidation : Pyruvate is moved into mitochondria and changed over into acetyl-CoA.

3. Krebs Cycle (Citrus extract Cycle): Acetyl-CoA is changed over into ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

4. Electron Transport Chain : Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are gone through a progression of protein edifices, creating ATP.

5. Oxidative Phosphorylation: ATP is orchestrated from ADP and Pi utilizing energy from the electron transport chain.

Extra Capabilities:

1. Unsaturated fat Oxidation : Mitochondria separate unsaturated fats to create ATP.

2. Amino Corrosive Digestion : Mitochondria control amino corrosive amalgamation and debasement.

3. Gluconeogenesis : Mitochondria create glucose from non-starch sources.

4. Mitochondrial Elements : Mitochondria go through parting, combination, and mitophagy to keep up with their capability and quality.

5. Chemical Guideline: Mitochondria answer chemicals, like insulin and thyroid chemical, to direct digestion.

Guideline of Mitochondrial Capability:

1. Transcriptional Guideline : Atomic qualities encoding mitochondrial proteins are directed by record factors.

2. Post-translational Adjustments : Mitochondrial proteins are altered by phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination.

3. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Guideline: mtDNA articulation is directed by record factors and epigenetic alterations.


3. Mitochondria Process :-

Mitochondrial processes include the perplexing components by which mitochondria carry out their roles.

Cell Breath :

1. Glycolysis: Glucose is changed over into pyruvate in the cytosol.

2. Pyruvate Transport : Pyruvate is shipped into mitochondria through the pyruvate transporter.

3. Pyruvate Oxidation : Pyruvate is changed over into acetyl-CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase.

4. Krebs Cycle (Citrus extract Cycle) : Acetyl-CoA is changed over into ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

5. Electron Transport Chain : Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are gone through a progression of protein buildings, creating ATP.

6. Oxidative Phosphorylation : ATP is integrated from ADP and Pi utilizing energy from the electron transport chain.

Unsaturated fat Oxidation:

1. Unsaturated fat Vehicle : Unsaturated fats are moved into mitochondria through the carnitine transport.

2. Beta-Oxidation : Unsaturated fats are separated into acetyl-CoA, creating NADH and FADH2.

3.Electron Vehicle Chain: Electrons from NADH and FADH2 create ATP.

Different Cycles:

1. Amino Corrosive Digestion : Mitochondria direct amino corrosive blend and corruption.

2. Gluconeogenesis; Mitochondria produce glucose from non-starch sources.

3. Mitochondrial Elements : Mitochondria go through splitting, combination, and mitophagy to keep up with their capability and quality.

4. Redox Guideline : Mitochondria keep up with the cell's redox balance by directing receptive oxygen species (ROS).

5. Apoptosis Guideline: Mitochondria assume a basic part in customized cell passing (apoptosis).

Guideline of Mitochondrial Cycles:

1. Transcriptional Guideline : Atomic qualities encoding mitochondrial proteins are directed by record factors.

2. Post-translational Modifications_: Mitochondrial proteins are adjusted by phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination.

3. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Regulation_: mtDNA articulation is directed by record factors and epigenetic adjustments.


4. Mitochondria Regulations  :-

Mitochondrial guideline includes the mind boggling systems that control mitochondrial capability, elements, and quality.

Transcriptional Guideline:

1. Atomic Qualities: Atomic qualities encoding mitochondrial proteins are managed by record factors.

2. Mitochondrial Record Variable A (TFAM) : TFAM directs mtDNA record and replication.

3. Mitochondrial Record Variable B (TFBM) : TFBM directs mtDNA record.


Post-translational Adjustments:

1. Phosphorylation: Mitochondrial proteins are phosphorylated by kinases, directing their action.

2. Acetylation: Mitochondrial proteins are acetylated by acetyltransferases, directing their action.

3. Ubiquitination : Mitochondrial proteins are ubiquitinated by ubiquitin ligases, directing their debasement.

Mitochondrial Elements:

1. Splitting: Mitochondria partition into more modest mitochondria, managed by Drp1 and Fis1.

2. Combination: Mitochondria converge into bigger mitochondria, directed by Mfn1, Mfn2, and OPA1.

3. Mitophagy: Harmed mitochondria are corrupted via autophagy, managed by PINK1 and Parkin.

Redox Guideline:

1.Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): Mitochondria direct ROS levels, which can harm cell parts.

2. Cell reinforcement Safeguard : Mitochondria have cancer prevention agent protections, like MnSOD and GSH, to kill ROS.

Apoptosis Guideline:

1. Bcl-2 Family Proteins : Bcl-2 family proteins manage mitochondrial external film permeabilization (MOMP).

2. Cytochrome c Delivery: Cytochrome c is let out of mitochondria during apoptosis, actuating caspases.

Mitochondrial Quality Control:

1. Mitochondrial Proteases : Mitochondrial proteases, like Lon and ClpXP, corrupt harmed mitochondrial proteins.

2. Mitochondrial Chaperones : Mitochondrial chaperones, like Hsp60 and Hsp70, keep up with protein homeostasis.